John Locke s Second Treatise Of Government - 1322 Words

John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government is one of the most influential works in the modern political canon. In the wake of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, Locke analyzes the origins and duties of government. Locke’s ideas of inalienable rights and natural equality are the classical enunciation of liberalism. His writings have impacted political institutions across the globe, including the American Constitution. In this paper, I will argue that, although Locke’s conception of property rights is not realized in current American environmental policy, his ideas could be realistically implemented. Locke’s ideas on government focus primarily on the role of property. All men are born in a state of natural equality (Locke,†¦show more content†¦However, the structure of American ecological property rights directly threatens Locke’s tenets of property. Environmental policy in the United States allows manufacturers and industrial plants to routinely release toxic chemicals into the environment, endangering the lives, health, and by extension, liberty and labor, of citizens. In 1972, Congress passed the Clean Waters Act, and in 1990, Congress re-wrote the Clean Waters Act to further regulate air pollution. Although noble in purpose, this legislation has been only partially implemented and haphazardly enforced. President Obama, recognizing the dangers of toxic waste, implemented the Clean Water Rules, a series of executive orders designed to remove mercury from sewage, limit the release of arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium from power plants, control pesticide leakage, and prohibit the dumping of coal waste into bodies of water (Gleick). However, President Trump has acted to rescind all of these protections. This action threatens Americans, predominantly those in poor and urban areas, and violates Locke’s theory of property protection by endangering the lives of thousands of citizens. President Trump’s policies most directly threaten property by facilitating the release of mercury and pesticides. Scott Pruitt, President Trump’s appointed leader of the EPA, announced the agency’s decision to cancel Obama-era regulations designed to limit levels of mercury in urban water. Typically, mercury enter theShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesMadeline Boche Dr. Thorn Philosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of naturalRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Government918 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke’s ‘The Second Treatise of Government’, is a book which narrates his key ideologies, helping to underscore the primary reason for being regarded as the â€Å"father of Classical Liberalism†. Classical Liberalism, although having been on the rise for some time, was given its concrete foundation by Locke. Essentially, in his text, Locke conveys his interpretation of what certain aspects of classical liberalism, such as liberty, property, and entail. A fundamental principle of Locke’s book isRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke s Leviathan And Second Treatise Of Government1852 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes vs. Locke This paper will compare and contrast the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke expressed in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Government. The paper will show the basic differences between the two philosophers views, is Hobbes distrust of the people and Locke s relatively greater trust of the people and distrust of the government s power and the likelihood of the abuse of that power. Hobbes view in Leviathan aims at ensuring civil order, which means for him the absolute powerRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment theory philosophies of John Locke offered a future that could drastically change government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Locke theorized that that men wereRead MoreThe Enlightenment By Thomas Paine And John Locke1709 Words   |  7 Pagesand science. Enlightenment thinkers who emulate these spreading of ideas include Thomas Paine and John Locke. Thomas Paine constructed The Age of Reason challenging traditional religion and validity of the Bible, while John Locke esta blished The Second Treatises of Government which explained the need for a more civilized society with natural rights. Influences from enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Paine, are what shaped individuals attitudes about politics and religion within their societyRead MoreJohn Locke : An Influential Philosopher845 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke was perhaps one of the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Second Treatise of Government, John Locke discusses the move from a state of nature and perfect freedom to a then governed society in which authority is given to a legislative and executive power. His major ideas included liberalism and capitalism, state of nature, state of war and the desire to protect one’s property. In his Second Treatise on Government Locke focus’ on liberalism capitalismRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the two basic figuresRead MoreThe Democratic Republic Which The People Of The Usa Live Under Today1665 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of a political text written to convey the ideals of government. Similarly two historically significant texts, The Federalist No.10 written by James Madison in 1787 addressed to the state of New York and The Second Treatise of Government by John Locke ( an English philosopher) in 1689 make complex assertions about the fundamentals of a government. While Madison and Locke make hea vily similar claims on the importance of government in the protection of its members as well as the tenacious emphasisRead MoreThe Enlightenment Ideas Of The American Revolution1423 Words   |  6 PagesRevolution People in America were mad and broke. The colonies did not like the idea of paying high taxes to the King of England. In order to show their rage and anger, they did it by not paying taxes. The King of England was frustrated by the colonist s action and send an army to the Americas to sort this problem out. However, the people of America wanted to be free from England, so with the help of the Enlightenment thinkers and the philosophers, they started an attack to the English soldiers. ThatRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Religious Tolerance884 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke, a 17th century English philosopher is remembered for his great contributions to three issues that was important during his time and still concerns us today. The three topics Locke covered during his lifetime was how to handle people with different religion, determining who should rule, and how to educate our children. Locke developed theories from the three topics because they played a central role in his life. Religion politics and education influence Locke s writing and because of

The U.S. Constitution Essay - 1204 Words

A constitution is a written document that sets forth the fundamental rules by which a society is governed. Throughout the course of history the United States has lived under two Constitutions since the British-American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776. First in line was the Articles of Confederation (1789-1789) followed by the Constitution of United States of America (1789-present). The Articles of Confederation was the first formal written Constitution of America that specified how the national government was to operate. Unfortunately, the Articles did not last long. Under the words of the Article’s power was limited; Congress could make decisions, but had no power to enforce them. Also the articles stated†¦show more content†¦At the Constitutional Convention, delegates strongly believed in the rule of the majority, but at the same time delegates wanted to protect minorities from any unjustness done by the majority. In order to do this they separated and balanced out the powers of the national government in different branches. Other basic constitutional aims that rose up at the Constitutional Convention were separation of church and state, rights for individuals and states, ruled by the people {Americans], and supremacy of the national government. The Constitution pays a massive role in court decisions both in the federal and state cases. If the State Supreme Court cannot come to a decision on a case, the case will be turned over to the Supreme Court who has the final authority in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution in any case. The courts also have the power of judicial review—to declare a law unconstitutional. Due to the decision of Chief Justice John Marshall the Supreme Court has this power from the case of Marbury v. Madison in 1801. The case Marbury v. Madison took place during the election of 1800 when Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams, but the new administration did not take office until March of 1801. When the new administration took office James Madison (Secretary of State) discovered that some commissions were not delivered. One of the people whose commission had not been receivedShow MoreRelatedU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1453 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the U.S. constitution w as first signed 1776, it established a system of checks and balances, and a distinct separation of powers amongst the three branches of government. But, even with this system of checks and balances in place, it is evident that the 3 branches are not equal, and that congress is significantly more powerful than both the executive and judicial branches of government. Ultimately, the U.S. congress is the strongest branch of government because of its vast amount of enumeratedRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1062 Words   |  5 Pages The U.S. Constitution divides the federal government into three branches, granting specific powers to each, much like â€Å"rock, paper, scissors†, constitutionally no branch of government is considered the strongest. ‘’Federal Legislative Branch– Makes laws (Congress), Federal Executive Branch – Carries out laws (President, Vice President, and Cabinet), and Federal Judicial Branch Evaluates laws (Supreme Court and Other Courts)’’. Each branch can change acts of the other branches, for example: †¢ CongressRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1756 Words   |  8 PagesThe U.S. Constitution is the document of the principles and system of the United States government. It covers the goals of the new government, the system and purpose of each branch, how the states will work, how to amend the constitution, the supremacy of the national government, and the process of ratification. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of America, that must be followed by everyone. The Constitution of the United States was established at the 1787 Constitutional Convention and signedRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. Constitution, as adopted by the Philadelphia Convention on September 17, 1787, sets out three distinct branches of national government and provides powers to each that serve as a check on the others. The branches include the executive branch: the president, the legislative branch: congress and the judicial branch: the S upreme Court. The Constitution is referred to as a living document because it is open to constant change. Additionally, the Constitution is open to constant interpretationRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution2218 Words   |  9 Pagesspeech. These fundamental beliefs were traced back to the traditions of the English Common Law and the English Constitution. After the American Revolution the first amendment took the form of a collection of fundamental rights contained within State Constitutions. In response to a lack of national power and unity the form of U.S. Government was altered. The newly ratified U.S. Constitution created a form of government of with three branches with stronger enumerated powers. While the new structure aRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Texas Constitution Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 17, 1787, the U.S. constitution was signed. The U.S. constitution is a document that has a set of rules, guidelines, and principles that governs our nati on. This constitution is the oldest written national document and has had 27 amendments. The current Texas constitution is the seventh document written for Texas. The previous six were all when Texas was still apart of Mexico. The current constitution hasn’t been revised since 1876, which makes it the longest state constitution in the United StatesRead MoreU.s. Constitution And Texas Constitution Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesBoth the U.S. Constitution and Texas Constitution, demonstrate a parallelism between civil liberties that guarantees personal freedoms that the government cannot deprive from its citizens without due process, in which this case will demonstrate. In 1981, the parents of several school aged children of Mexican Origin filed a suit against Superintendent James Plyler, of Tyler, Texas, regarding immigration status. The Plyler v. Doe (457 U.S. 202 (1982)) case decision could not have happened prior toRead MoreU.S. Constitution1087 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution Paper The United States Constitution provides the National Government three distinctive branches of government: the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial Branch, each with its own form of powers, duties and roles. Separation of powers and duties within the branches enable them to check and balance one another as well as balance the authority of the other two. Article 1 of the Constitution is the Legislative Branch which makes up The House of Representatives and Senate, collectivelyRead MoreU.S. Constitution vs. Jamaican Constitution1444 Words   |  6 PagesUpon initial consideration, one would presume that the United States Constitution and the Constitution of Jamaica would not be similar at all. After all, the United States Constitution was ratified in 1787, whereas the Jamaican Constitution was not ratified until 1962, the year Jamaica gained its independence. At first glance, Jamaicas constitution appears to be most similar to that of England, because they both establish a parliament and share the same chief of state (Queen Elizabeth II). TheseRead MoreThe Creation Of The U.s. Constitution1330 Words   |  6 Pagescreation of the U.S. Constitution consisted of a series of conflicts and compromises. The competing interests of the central players that created the U.S Constitution had to focus on achievable goals rather than their o wn political interests. The political process can be conflictual but the process matters. It is essential to implementing decisions in our government, which provides order and our general welfare. Some conflicts that can be seen in the creation of the Constitution are political theories

Web System And Properties Website Website - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the web system and properties of website. Answer: Introduction Bad website design is usually characterized by many factor that do not make website appealing and easy to use. In this case, a discussion of Smith and Goldsmith Inc. rental properties website will be evaluated. An analysis of a good website practices explain that, a good website should be easy to navigate by locating links, should not be too clumsy and should have attractive appearance. All these aspects cannot be traced from Smith and Goldsmith Inc. website and will be basis of discussing attributes of bad websites. Todays system users are more focused on good user interface design than system functionality and that has raised a lot of queries on what constitutes to either bad or good website. When designing any website that should serve customers in the best way, it must meet most of fundamental requirements. These requirements are; attractive interface where users do not strain to view the website, easily to navigate with visible links which are located strategically for convenien ce of accessing and should have clear and visible pictures that are relevant to the functionality of website. Most important aspects of Smith and Goldsmith Inc. rental properties website which the evaluation would be based is on navigation, clarity of images and user interface attractiveness criterion. Navigation links Links are important aspect in every website as they help users of the system to move from one page to the other and back to the homepage when needed. If any website system is to work effectively and efficiently to users, it must incorporate easily visible links and strategically located on the interface such that, users do not strangle moving up and down to access the links [2]. A good website system should have links on toolbar which are designed in form of buttons. Such links makes system easy to switch from page to another without user scrolling from either across or up and down in order to access the links [5]. When website has button links on the toolbar, it is quite easy to navigate from any page by just switching pages from toolbar menu. Similarly, navigation from within a page has to be friendly in such a way that, users move on a page without strain. The issue of navigation in Smith and Goldsmith website cannot be traced and has made website not to adhere to principles of go od design as required in modern website system. Smith and Goldsmith website links are designed in such a way that, it is not easy to differentiate them with other information from the interface of the system. The links on the website cannot navigate easily as required in the practices of good interface design. This makes Smith and Goldsmith website not to be user friendly [8]. On page navigation is still so long which is not advocated by modern website development as it takes a lot of time and users energy to move up and down. Todays system advocate one page website which is complemented by page modal on clicking a certain link. Systems interfaceadhere to good practices as they have to be scrolled up and down to access full webpage content. The system point of interaction with user should be quite attractive so that users can have a feel of operating the system. To start with, the background of the website has been painted with dark blue color which is not appealing to the eyes of the user at all. Good website design practices requires designers to choose colors which is friendly and attractive to the users eye [1]. It should not either too bright or dim to discourage users from viewing. The background has been decorated with many colors that are conflicting and do not make users feel to take long time on the system. The interface has been stuffed with too many unnecessary writing which should have been placed on different web pages to make it clear and attractive to users [4]. Placing content all over the web page does not constitutes to good practices of interface design. To design attractive webpage, related content has to be placed on the same webpage in order to avoid confusion. In addition to that, Smith and Golds mith website does not have consistent colors as webpages changes color from one page to the other. Switching of color content from page to page distorts good practices of webpages consistency on a website. This is only meant to enforce conformity within the system as this make system more appealing to users [6]. Finally, page layout does not adhere to good practices as they have to be scrolled up and down to access full webpage content. Website content and professionalism Content placement on webpages is very important as it describes the professionalism of the website [2]. Good website design requires that, related content be place on a same page as this enhances consistency and uniformity of the website. Placing too many unrelated content makes website untidy and unprofessional. Smith and Goldsmith Inc. website is congested with unrelated content within the same webpage making it look unprofessional as required in website good practices. Professionalism of the website involves variety of activities such as links arrangements, right placement of content, having related images on right places and creating attractive background. Taking a closer look on how application form has been designed, it shows a lot unprofessional webpage design. This page has been populated with unformatted fields where user is enter any content instead of restricting user on the content to enter into each field. Professional webpage should limit user on what to enter into the system and how much to enter in each section [7]. This professionalism is not available from Smith and Goldsmith website. Recommendations and improvements Having analyzed good practices of website design, it is important to make some changes on Smith and Goldsmith website on areas which does not meet required standards. First, it will be a good idea to implement links at the top of the webpages in order to make navigation easy. Menu bar links makes page switching easy and users do not take a lot of time scrolling on the webpage. Similarly, interface need to be designed in such a way that, foreground and background color need to be improved to make it more attractive to users. Lastly, content and page layout has to be uniform to maintain consistency and uniformity of the website. Conclusion Good website design is an important aspect when it comes to website design and development. Poorly designed website is a menace to the organization and this calls for good system design practices. Navigation links are quite important as they make switching of pages easier than when they are spread from all over the webpage. Next, system interface and color application defines how users would perceive the nature of the website and should be designed in such a way that, they follow prescribed principles of user interface design. Lastly, Website content and professionalism is at the topmost of nay system design. This defines how website is organized as it gives users view on the structure and ability of the subject organization to meet users need. Poor website discourages customers whole good website is an asset to the organization. References Barker, D. Web Content Management. O'Reilly Media, 2016. Kilicdagi, A. Laravel Design Patterns and Best Practices. Birmingham: Packt Publishing, 2014 Kovalenko, D. Selenium Design Patterns and Best Practices. Packt Publishing, 2014. Michaud, T. Foundations of Web design: Introduction to HTML and CSS. San Francisco: New Riders, 2014. Murtagh, R. Million dollar websites: Build a better website using best practices of the web elite in e-business, design, SEO, usability, social, mobile and conversion. New York: Earl Press, 2013. Saffer, D. Micro interactions. Beijing: O'Reilly, 2013. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Business Processes and Information Technology. Cincinnati: South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004. User experience practical techniques: Volume 2. 2013.

The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication Essay Example

The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication Paper Poem Explication Ralph Waldo Emerson – The Amulet Your picture smiles as first it smiled, The ring you gave is still the same, Your letter tells, O changing child, No tidings since it came. Give me an amulet That keeps intelligence with you, Red when you love, and rosier red, And when you love not, pale and blue. Alas, that neither bonds nor vows Can certify possession; Torments me still the fear that love Died in its last expression. Analysis Point of view – The speaker of the poem is a person who has just lost a loved one. He feels that she still remains with him through all the keepsakes he has of her, and that the mementos keep their love strong. He wants to know how she is feeling and if she still loves him. He’s trying to admit to himself that he lost her. The speaker’s attitude is typical for a person who has lost someone. Always thinking about that person, wanting to know if they’re watching over them. Figurative language – In paragraph one, the picture of the girl smiling is symbolism. The smile represents the only thing that he has left of her because there is no living smile that changes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the second paragraph there is symbolism. The amulet symbolizes remembrance, spirituality or energy force of the girl’s existence. In paragraph three there is imagery. Torment symbolizes the love and lost in death and how a person deals with a great loses. Versification – There are three stanzas in the poem. The rhythm pattern is 2-line last line rhyme. The general metrical scheme is 1-2, 1-2, 1-2. There are no breaks of rhythm in the poem. The word choices used in the poem are common words used to make rhyming pattern. The words chosen are common everyday ones and are not unusual; they are just used uniquely in sentences. Theme The theme for this poem is love, lost, cooping. The poem express the love that the man had for the girl was very strong. ‘The ring you gave is still the same’ He’s saying even though she is physically gone he thinks her spirit remains and believes that their love and bond together will last forever. ‘Give me an amulet, That keeps intelligence with you’ He’s afraid to admit that he lost her and doesn’t know whether the â€Å"Keepsakes† will guarantee that they’re connected. Alas, that neither bonds nor vows, Can certify possession’ Even though the things that he has of her still remains he doesn’t know whether she’s always watching over. Source Justification Book: The Infinitude of The Private Man By: Maurice York, Rick Spaulding This site is credible because it tells Ralph Waldo Emersonâ€℠¢s life story. Rick had a staff of people from various universities and historians who collaborated to make this book possible. Both authors are also lectures and researchers that travel North America and talk about Emerson’s works. Website: http://emerson. tamu. edu/index. tml The Emerson society was founded 29 December 1989. The society is devoted to the development of scholarships and love of the life and writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. The University of South Carolina Board of Trustees supports this site. http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/Thoreau-Emerson-and-Transcendentalism-Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Life-and-Background-of-Emerson-Emerson-s-Reputation-and-Influence. id-134,pageNum-18. html Clifton Keith Hillegass, the founder of CliffsNotes built the company that produced study guides destined to become a multi-generational icon. Real teachers and professors write CliffsNotes study guides. And it’s stable of educational and reference books. http://www. online-literature. com/emerson/ They offer searchable online literature for the student, educator, or enthusiast. The publicator of the site is Jalic Inc. Their purpose is the publication of quality informative websites. Work Citied Websites: Menon, Sindhu. Ralph Waldo Emerson Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. The Literature Network: Online Classic Literature, Poems, and Quotes. Essays Summaries. Jalic Inc. , 2000. Web. 06 May 2011. http://www. online-literature. com/emerson/. Ralph Waldo Emerson Biography Ralph Waldo Emerson Childhood, Life Timeline. Famous People Famous People in History, Famous People List Biography. Famous People Inc. Web. 06 May 2011. http://www. thefamouspeople. com/profiles/ralph-waldo-emersion-41. php. The Ralph Waldo Emerson Society. 15 Apr. 2003. Web. 6 May 2011. http://emerson. tamu. edu/index. html. Thoreau, Emerson, and Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson: Emersons Reputation and Influence CliffsNotes. Get Homework Help with CliffsNotes Study Guides CliffsNotes. Web. 06 May 2011. http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/Thoreau-Emerson-and-Transcendentalism-Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Life-and-Background-of-Emerson-Emerson-s-Reputation-and-Influence. id-134,pageNum-18. html. Books: York, Maurice, and Rick Spaulding. Ralph Waldo Emerson: the Infinitude of the Private Man : a Biography. Chicago: Wrightwood, 2008. Pr int.

Corruption In Nigeria

Corruption In Nigeria Free Online Research Papers Corruption in Nigeria has been a great deal for the past couple of years. Reasons for corruption in many â€Å"Less Economically Developed Countries† has been described to be because â€Å"those who pay and receive bribes so they can expropriate the nation’s wealth, leaving little for its poorest citizen† (Agba 23). Other author such as Khan sees corruption as â€Å"behaviour which deviates from the formal rules of conducts governing the actions of someone in a position of†¦..authority because of private regarding motives such as wealth, power or status† (23). On the other hand, World Bank labels it as â€Å"the abuse of public power for private benefits† (24). No matter the way it has been characterized, I believe is an act of selfishness, greed and being heartless to the less fortunate of the society. The high growing corruption rate in Nigeria is caused by the dishonest leaders; this brings about the growth of poverty, corruption and ethnic ity (tribalism) in the country. Nigeria is suffering from corruption in virtually all the sectors controlled by the government, including the educational sector, political sector and many more. But the on non-government concerning way of corruption that is causing heaps of trouble is email scams. This sort of corruption falls under the category of poverty in the nation. â€Å"Email proposing an â€Å"urgent business relationship† help make fraud Nigeria’s largest source of foreign revenue after oil† (Smith 53). This has caused bad name for the country, â€Å"Corruption is widespread in Nigeria that all its citizens call it simply â€Å"the Nigerian factor. (57)† â€Å"†¦ the primary mode of illegitimate corruption in Nigeria is 419† (6). In another aspect, Nigeria faces a lot of fuel problems, some Nigerians actually believe that â€Å" to ordinary Nigerians, the country’s frequent fuel shortages – in spite of the fact that Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa – are an egregious examples of the consequences of corruption† (62). Nigeria is among the top producers of petrol in Africa; but it is discouraging that even after the huge amount of petrol the country produces; we still end up importing billions of dollars worth of petrol. Corruption has been part of the problems in Nigeria for quite a while now. Many efforts have been made by previous government to put a stop to it. Various, organisation or commissions were formed, an example of the action taken in order to limit corruption is â€Å"The purge of Corruption officials in the civil service in 1975 by the Murtala Mohammed Administration†, or â€Å"The establishment of the code of Bureau for Public Officers;† or â€Å"The numerous probe panels established by Sani Abacha† (Agba 19), but the most recent and most active one(in Nigeria) is the establishment of the EFCC(2004). Professor Ben Nwabueze, describes the EFCC as â€Å"†¦one of the most monstrous instruments of personal power employed by President Obasanjo in the service of his lawless state. The lawlessness of the commission has two aspects – the illegality (i.e. the unconstitutionality) of its powers or many of them under its constituent statue, the EFCC (Establishme nt) Act 2004, and illegality of its actions taken purportedly pursuant to, but which are not within its illegal powers;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Okoi- Uyouyo 43). One of the many reasons that helped to emphasize the creation of the EFCC was â€Å"the act of the 2000 Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Nigeria was ranked 90th out of 90 in terms of being a corrupt nation, with The CPI score of 1.2 out of 10.00.† (47). This was heartbreaking to so many Nigerians, but this was not a shock. The EFCC was created help get rid of bribery and corruption in the government. Nuhu Ribadu (Former Chairman of the EFCC), expanded during the launching of EFCC’s â€Å"Fix Nigeria Initiative† that from the 46 years that Nigeria got her independence, a huge sum of $220 billion (about 65trillion Naira) has been stolen by the Past Nigerian Leaders (Okoi- Uyouyo 45). Knowing about this made the EFCC add more effort to see that corrupt was put to stop†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"agencies and institutions such as police, customs and the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency were recognised and their leadership changed when the EFCC beamed their search light on them†¦.† (55). Basically, during the regime of Nuhu Ribadu, no agency or the government itself (including the president) were left unchecked; practically all the sectors were involved in corruption. A lot of governors, ministers and permanent sectaries were penalised and fired from their post of power. In my knowledge of corruption in Nigeria, it has affected many aspects of the country; this is such as contributing to the Niger Delta crisis. This is in such a way that if only the government had agreed to co-operate and give the owners of the land their share of wealth, the situation won’t have been as bad as it is today. Another is in the educational sector where students bribe exam invigilators so they can get answers to their exams. Suprisely enough some parents do actually provide money to the children so they can get the answer, i.e. all of this happens with the parent’s consent. In the employment sector, many people end up unemployed because of their sex, tribe or religion. Senior officials only give space to people of the same tribe as them or their relations. Finally, Corruption is the major problem Nigeria is try very hard to destroy. The only solution to overcoming corruption in Nigeria is, for the country to get a leader that puts his/her people’s need before theirs. Nigeria’s bad name in terms of its corruption will not change unless more organizations such as EFCC are formed to help do away with the current suffering. Problems such as poverty and economic crisis will continue to pin down the country if no serious action is taken on corruption. The rate of Corruption in Nigeria is still increasing; this has affected the young ones who wish to see their selves as â€Å"somebody† in the Government in future. Most of them want to be there because of what they have heard, not because they want to help improve the Nigerian Government; these are things like easy embezzlement without getting caught. The thought has been put in their heads by our elders or leaders that it is â€Å"ok† to steal from the government. The only possible change way of change is for the country to get a trust worthy, God fearing and caring leaders. Research Papers on Corruption In NigeriaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Bribery of the World

Bribery of the World Introduction Bribery may be defined as an illegal act or an offence that involves offering and giving something such as money to gain an illicit and undue advantage. The world in general has witnessed incidences of corruption, including bribery, with the Arab world being identified as one of the areas where bribery is rampant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bribery of the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, the Arab world includes various countries of the Middle East, among them being Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, UAE, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia among others. In these Arab countries, although bribery is seen as an illegitimate act, it is also generally accepted as a social norm that binds people together, especially due to lack of democracy. Therefore, bribery may have both negative and positive consequences to the people in Arab countries. Some of the negative consequences and disadvantages to a country in clude inflation and poor governance. Nevertheless, different types of bribery in the Arab world have negatively affected the lives of people by creating tension in various countries, although the society views bribery as a means of acquiring the elusive democracy. Types of bribery There are different types of bribery witnessed in different countries around the world. In Arab countries, bribery is usually known ‘asrachwa’ while in Spanish and French speaking countries, it is known as ‘mordida’ and ‘desssousde-table’ respectively. Different types of bribery include the use of gift, sop, favor, sweetheart deals, kickbacks, funding, secret commission, promotion, donation, and lucrative contract among many other forms and types (Reader, 1997). Bribery is always divided into two forms: Firstly, there are those bribes that involve the person in power being given offerings and other items in order to use his or her position in the office unjustly to be nefit others. The second form of bribery involves cases where someone obtains power due to suffrages of those who have the ability to do it or use the power more appropriately. In such cases, a person who obtains and receives the bribe is able to influence the process unjustly and ensure that the bribery process is successful. Bribery is usually seen in various instances; for example, a police officer may be seen receiving money from motorists who are involved in minor offences such as over-speeding in order to let them off the hook. Another example of bribery is an instance where a citizen gives out money to a police officer during check-up in order to avoid being checked. Furthermore, bribery also takes the type of â€Å"a secret commission, a profit made by an agent, in the course of his employment, without the knowledge of his principal†, which is usually referred to as sweetener or kick-back (Lewis, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, any act that requires someone to give something as a way of buying favor is a bribe, whether it is given in good faith or otherwise. This act is normally prevalent in public offices where control of employee activities is limited and where there is a lot of bureaucracy before one gets the service he or she needs. In addition, public offices are sometimes limited in terms of signatories, thus making it difficult for an outsider to get access to services demanded unless a bribe is offered. Bribery in Arab countries Many countries in the world have been accused of engagement in corruption, with bribery being one of the most prevalent forms of corruption. Although the international community’s watchdogs have been aggressively campaigning against corruption, individual governments in different countries especially the developing countries have not been fully committed to the fight. Thi s may be due to inadequate resources or inefficient policies to fight the vice. Moreover, although bribery is widespread across the world, Arab countries seem to be more notorious than other countries in demanding and giving bribes, especially due to autocratic type of leadership witnessed in most of these Arab countries. This bribery takes various forms, including political corruption, business contact bribery, and judicial bribery among others. One example of bribery is in a case where Egyptian court convicted Assembly official and petroleum dealers, including Petrogas, Al-Nasr Petroleum Co. and Petroleum Marine Services Co., over bribery (Bassiouni, 2007). With some Arab countries emerging as global market hubs, such as UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, various instances of bribery emerge, especially when people want to get business opportunities in these emerging markets. Another case of bribery is seen in political environment where a political leader rewards his friends with econom ic deals, which involve in the manipulation of public resources in most cases (Rinnawi, 2006). In Arab countries, most bribery cases usually occur due to lack of transparency and effective procedures that can be used in the government procurement deals and contracts. One example that stands out involves the alleged bribery by the Qatari government in 2010 in order to secure votes to host the 2022 world cup (Scott, 2011). Again, in Arab countries, lack of tangible anti-bribery laws to curb bribery usually results to more people being involved in bribery, since they are usually aware that there would be no punishment even if they are involved in bribery.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bribery of the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, bribery in these countries is also caused by lack of proper political processes and good standards of governance. The recent political uprisings in some Arab countries such as Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen where the public accused their autocratic governments of massive corruption and underhand deals is a clear testimony to prevalence of bribery in the Arab world (Udasin, 2013). According to Udasin (2013), an author in â€Å"the Jerusalem Post† newspaper, opinion polls in most Arab countries that took part in Arab Spring indicate that the level of corruption has risen during the last few years after the uprising, with most people in these countries foreseeing a much worse future. Again, in these countries, salaries of civil servant are usually very low, leading to more bribery cases as people try to increase their income to sustain their lives. The governments’ failure to put in place institutional reforms that are important in curbing bribery also fuels bribery in most of these countries (Baumann, 2006). There have a number of cases of bribery in Arab countries since the 2011 revolutions, with most countries such Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, Leb anon feeling the most challenge. The revolution came as result of lack of government stability in these countries, which led to lack of confidence in the government by the public. Again, these countries also face many challenges in their police reform systems, unstable judiciary and the military that in most occasions has failed to fully support to the government. Again, according to Frishkopf (2010), research has shown that bribery and corruption are the biggest social problems affecting the society, with most people complain about prevalence of bribery in both private and public institutions in these Arab countries. Moreover, bribery is usually seen starting with the top government authorities who later influence other junior government officials to be involved in bribery. As a result, bribery and corruption have worsened in the Arab countries, amid increased economic and political instability stability. One area where bribery is evident is in government’s procurements and contract transactions where anybody interested in acquiring a government contract or an investment opportunity has to part with a bribe, especially considering the formalization process is more bureaucratic in nature. With the availability of petroleum and other natural resources in these Arab countries, bribery cases has been seen, especially where oil business transaction are involved, as people try to capitalize on the lucrative benefits emanating from this business (Frishkopf, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Bribery Bribery is one of the acts that usually result into harmful and bad consequences. Firstly, bribery usually undermines democratic process in a country and prevents people from getting equal shares of opportunities in the country. This usually results into low economic progress of the country, as it will distorts and affects the investment procedures, thereby preventing free markets strategy. In addition, in some countries where bribery is unavoidable, the poor people suffer most as they are denied their basic human rights unless they give bribes. This also affects the country’s economy and development, as those who do not give bribes fail to get a chance to participate in building projects in the country. The result of this is an increased level of poverty, a situation that is common in most of these countries, especially those that do not have many resources to accommodate a significantly large number of citizens. In addition, too much bribery usually lower s and delays government processes, as those who are responsible in these processes usually wait for bribes in order to accomplish their duties. As a result of this, government policies are lowered and the standards of doing business in the countries are also affected leading to investors and businessmen running away from the country. Counter argument about bribery in Arab World The Arab world has been accused of allowing corruption to thrive, but most people in Arab countries see it as a way of life. In addition, bribery in the Arab world is viewed as a means of enhancing social cohesion and eliminating individualism, especially because it facilitates mutual interdependence and interpersonal ties (Hashi, 2013). For instance, giving gifts in return for a favor is a common phenomenon that influences indebtedness in the society thus creating social bonds among people. The ever-present nepotism in Arab countries makes the role of public officials to resonate between official duty and en hancing familial ties. Moreover, dictatorial leadership witnessed in these Arab countries does not allow democracy to thrive, and the only way people have to enjoy democracy is through bribery. This ineffectiveness of governments forces people to utilize their social ties in order to bribe public officials to address their interests, which could have been ignored if they did not give bribes. Therefore, bribery in Arab societies is an important aspect that holds people together while at the same time enhancing ‘democracy’ amid authoritarian form of governance. Refutation about Bribery in Arab World Despite the society viewing bribery as normal and an acceptable way to access democracy, there are bad consequences that have seem most governments in Arab countries fail or collapse. Generally, a lot of money in form of bribery goes to private hands, making the government unable to support its citizens adequately, thus leading to increased cases of poverty. The so-called demo cracy is only accessible to those who have the means to offer bribes, especially considering that any form of bribery must have a financial value, which works against those who are less endowed (Rinnawi, 2006). Therefore, bribery cannot buy democracy in totality as some people may tend to argue. Conclusion This paper has discussed bribery in Arab countries and discovered that, in most cases, bribery in Arab countries is caused by government instability and lack of proper policies and reforms to deal with bribery. Again, from the paper, it is clear that bribery is very rampant in Arab countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Lebanon, Libya, Qatar, Yemen and many other Arab countries. Therefore, it is important that proper strategies, including providing better policies to curb bribery, be put in place. In addition, if possible, laws should be put in place to ensure that top government officials do not involve in business transaction deals in isolation; rather, it should be a public process that requires vetting and audit before being validated. Besides, the government should also provide policies that ensure that those who involved in bribery are severely punished and removed from their official duties. Generally, in Arab countries, bribery usually begins with top government officials and then spreads to junior officials as well as the public. Therefore, in these countries, cases and acts of bribery is a normal phenomenon to them since almost everybody in these countries is involved in bribery. Moreover, bribery leads to negative and harmful consequences including poor economic growth. When this happens, the poor and innocent citizens tend to suffer, as they do not have resources to access services from public officials. Therefore, it is important that relevant and significant anti-bribery policies and reforms be put in place by the governments of these Arab countries in order to deal appropriately with bribery cases, while at the same uplifting people’s human rights. References Bassiouni, Y. (2007). The art of bribery: What not to do. Egypt Oil and Gas Newspaper, 1(7). Web. Baumann, A. (2006). Influence of culture on the styles of business behavior between Western and Arab managers. Norderstedt, Germany: Grin. Frishkopf, M. (2010). Music and media in the Arab world. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. Hashi, F. (2013). Bribery As a form of Democracy. Public Policy and Governance Review, 4(2), 95-98. Lewis, M. (2000). Who is paying for healthcare in Eastern Europe and Central Asia? Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications. Reader, J. (1997). Africa: A Biography of the Continent. New York, USA: Vintage. Rinnawi, K. (2006). Instant nationalism: Transnational media in the Arab world. Lanham, Maryland, USA: University Press of America. Scott, M. (2011). Millions paid in bribes for Qatars 2022 World Cup votes, report claims. The Guardian. Web. Udasin, S. (2013). Poll: Corruption worsened in Arab countries since uprisings. The Jerusalem Post. Web. Whitaker, B. (2009). What’s Really Wrong with Middle East? London, England: Saqi Books.

CPU as the Central Processing Unit of the Personal Computer Assignment

CPU as the Central Processing Unit of the Personal Computer - Assignment Example Random Access Memory (RAM) is the other hardware which must also be checked to make sure it has sufficient amount of memory available for CPU in order to execute its commands. However if processor is replaced with a faster processor it will change the number of operations it can perform in a second. A processor having 1 GHz of speed will be able to make 1000 clock cycles in a second. Every command which user executes require specific number of clock cycles for the execution of work, and by increasing the speed of processor will optimize the execution which will make a particular CPU more efficient and will complete assigned tasks faster as it can (Torres, 2012). 2. Discuss disk fragmentation. Include performance, what causes it and how to fix it. There is another performance issue which is greatly overlooked is known as Disk Fragmentation which is occurred with the passage of time and usage of the system’s disk. On a newly formatted disk files and programs run faster and quick er but as time passes by it starts taking time to load large data files into the memory. Causes of Fragmentation: Disk fragmentation start taking place when the disk file system cannot find adequate amount of contiguous space for storing a complete file as a complete unit, but as an alternative it break a particular file in parts and then stores those parts in free gaps between other files. These gaps are caused due to a previously existing file which must have been deleted or altered or moved to another location (May, 2012). Countermeasures Partitioning: It is regarded as a common approach to optimize defragmentation in which the hard disk is separated into partitions. The partitions are created into sections of read and writes which allows volatile zones to remain separate (Hameed, 2008). Offline defragmentation: This process involves the existence of immovable system files which is also termed as a swap file can hinder the process of defragmentation. These files can be securely m oved when the operating system is not in the working state. 3. List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of multitasking Operating systems. Multitasking operating systems has the ability to run multiple programs to execute at a time. They are also capable of managing preemptive multitasking in which the OS allocates specified time to the applications running on the computer. Here are the advantages of Multitask OS: A multi-task OS can manage various processes simultaneously by sharing CPU time among the processes. Switches between operations are so frequent that user can easily interact with every running program. Multitask OS increases user productivity and allows easy transferring of data. This functionality also increases CPU utilization which allows processor to work smoothly on threads (bizymoms.com, 2011). Here are some of the disadvantages of Multitask OS: For a new user multitask OS will create a sense of confusion and he/she will get lost while working. In some case s it happens that the processing power and performance of the system is affected which slows down the CPU speed (May, 2012). PART 2 1. Can computer programs be developed with zero defects? Explain with supporting facts. Yes computer programs can be developed with zero defects but this state is very difficult to achieve. When the software or program starts increasing in size and complexity it becomes difficult to locate defects in the programs.